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The Arab Spring ((アラビア語:الربيع العربي), ) was a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution, and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and its surroundings. While the wave of initial revolutions and protests faded by mid-2012, some started to refer to the succeeding and still ongoing large-scale discourse conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa as the Arab Winter. The most radical discourse from Arab Spring into the still ongoing civil wars took place in Syria as early as the second half of 2011. By the end of February 2012, rulers had been forced from power in Tunisia,〔 Egypt,〔 Libya,〔 and Yemen;〔 civil uprisings had erupted in Bahrain〔 and Syria;〔 major protests had broken out in Algeria,〔 Iraq,〔 Jordan,〔 Kuwait,〔 Morocco,〔 and Sudan; and minor protests had occurred in Mauritania,〔 Oman,〔 Saudi Arabia,〔 Djibouti,〔 Western Sahara,〔 and Palestine. Weapons and Tuareg fighters returning from the Libyan Civil War stoked a simmering conflict in Mali which has been described as "fallout" from the Arab Spring in North Africa. The protests shared some techniques of civil resistance in sustained campaigns involving strikes, demonstrations, marches, and rallies, as well as the effective use of social media〔〔 to organize, communicate, and raise awareness in the face of state attempts at repression and Internet censorship, most notably used by the youth members of the Arab population.〔〔 Many Arab Spring demonstrations were met with violent responses from authorities,〔〔〔 as well as from pro-government militias and counter-demonstrators. These attacks were answered with violence from protestors in some cases.〔〔〔 A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is ''Ash-sha`b yurid isqat an-nizam'' ("the people want to bring down the regime").〔 Some observers have drawn comparisons between the Arab Spring movements and the Revolutions of 1989 (also known as the "Autumn of Nations") that swept through Eastern Europe and the Second World, in terms of their scale and significance.〔〔〔 Others, however, have pointed out that there are several key differences between the movements, such as the desired outcomes, the effectiveness of civil resistance, and the organizational role of Internet-based technologies in the Arab revolutions.〔〔T. R. Davies, "The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: ‘political ju-jitsu’ in reverse", ''Global Change, Peace and Security'', vol. 26, no. 3 (2014), pp. 299-313. ISSN 1478-1158 E-ISSN 1478-1166. ()〕〔〔 ==Etymology== The term "Arab Spring" is an allusion to the Revolutions of 1848, which is sometimes referred to as the "Springtime of Nations", and the Prague Spring in 1968. In the aftermath of the Iraq War it was used by various commentators and bloggers who anticipated a major Arab movement towards democratization.〔Krauthammer, Charles (21 March 2005): "(The Arab Spring of 2005 )".'' The Seattle Times. ''Retrieved 7 July 2013.〕 The first specific use of the term ''Arab Spring'' as used to denote these events may have started with the American political journal ''Foreign Policy''.〔 Marc Lynch, referring to his article in ''Foreign Policy'',〔 writes "Arab Spring—a term I may have unintentionally coined in a January 6, 2011 article".〔 Joseph Massad on ''Al Jazeera'' said the term was "part of a US strategy of controlling (movement's ) aims and goals" and directing it towards western-style liberal democracy.〔 Due to the electoral success of Islamist parties following the protests in many Arab countries, the events have also come to be known as "Islamist Spring" or "Islamist Winter".〔The Atlantic: (''Muslim Protests: Has the US President, Barak Obama Helped Bring On an Anti-U.S. 'Islamist Spring'?'' ), 23 September 2012, retrieved 30 November 2012〕〔Foreign Policy: (''Learning to Live With the Islamist Winter'' ), 19 July 2012, retrieved 30 November 2012〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arab Spring」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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